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Regional Organizations (ROs) have become a central pillar of governance beyond the nation-state. This paper investigates why European states turned into architects of regional regime complexity: they have created and joined numero...
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Regional Organizations (ROs) have become a central pillar of governance beyond the nation-state. This paper investigates why European states turned into architects of regional regime complexity: they have created and joined numerous different ROs and equipped them with a broad range of different policy competencies. Thereby, European states - some more than others - have increasingly duplicated identical policy competencies in multiple ROs. The phenomenon is puzzling as it is potentially costly and might undermine the effectiveness of regional cooperation especially if incompatible regional rules trigger non-compliance. Therefore, we ask why states differ in the extent to which they cover identical competencies in different ROs. Drawing on a unique dataset and analyzing cross-sectional temporal variation, we show that both indirect factors, such as late accessions and the number of states in Europe, as well as direct factors, such as state power and democracy, drive regional regime complexity.
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Southeast Asia is beset by a host of maritime security threats including illegal fishing, piracy, smuggling and environmental crimes. Institutions responding to these issues have proliferated. This article systematically maps and ...
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Southeast Asia is beset by a host of maritime security threats including illegal fishing, piracy, smuggling and environmental crimes. Institutions responding to these issues have proliferated. This article systematically maps and demonstrates this new complexity and fragmentation using original empirical data. Focusing on blue crimes rather than territorial disputes, it argues that fragmentation, a non-hierarchical proliferation of arrangements, is a key driver of regional cooperation on maritime security, and that while conflict overlap and duplication are present between arrangements, the development of trust and collective identification between actors is having an overall positive effect on regional cooperation. The article further argues that this emerges from fragmentation in two ways. First, fragmentation creates more opportunities for sustained interaction, which can habituate cooperation due to the expanding web of meetings. Second, fragmentation, when well-managed, exposes an expanding set of actors to these trust-building processes. The article therefore provides new perspectives on regional dynamics and the state of cooperation in the field of maritime security.
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The theory of international regime complexity that frames this study specifies expectations for international cooperation stemming from different combinations of hierarchy and differentiation among institutions in regime complexes...
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The theory of international regime complexity that frames this study specifies expectations for international cooperation stemming from different combinations of hierarchy and differentiation among institutions in regime complexes. This paper compares relationships between regional financial arrangements and the International Monetary Fund in the regional complexes for crisis finance in East Asia, Latin America, and the euro area during 2000-2019 and tests these expectations. Creditor states that sit at the nexus between global and regional institutions are particularly influential in the choice of architecture (the combination of hierarchy and differentiation) for these complexes but are constrained by arrangements inherited from previous decades. Once chosen, the complex's architecture in turn shapes policy adjustment in borrowing countries and influences whether states pursue regime shifting or competitive regime creation when dissatisfied with institutions. These findings generally coincide with expectations, but exceed the degree of policy adjustment that the core theory expected for the euro area. Interinstitutional collaboration, the dynamics of which are elaborated, fills this explanatory gap. The paper concludes that relations among institutions are essential for understanding the outcomes and evolution of regime complexes and underpin a more complete explanation than provided by singular institutionalism, the power-gap hypothesis and other alternative approaches.
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Following the idea that the climatological study of a physical variable should aim at the comprehension of its mean state as well as the characterization of its dynamics, cluster analysis has been applied to study the wind climate...
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Following the idea that the climatological study of a physical variable should aim at the comprehension of its mean state as well as the characterization of its dynamics, cluster analysis has been applied to study the wind climate of Corsica (France) in order to identify the anemological regions (mean state) and the wind regimes (weather variability) which characterize its coastal areas. The analysis is based on a 3-year long time-series of measurements of the wind velocity from 11 anemometric stations located along the perimeter of the island. Since the present study was an analysis preliminary to the subsequent assessment of the wind potential of Corsica, we have worked only with wind intensities. Nevertheless, at the end of our analysis, we have also considered wind directions for the final interpretation of the results. The anemological regions are defined through the comparison of 15 different clustering techniques resulting from the combination of three distance measures and five agglomerative methods. As confirmed by geographical considerations, the results identify three distinct anemological regions: the eastern region (ER), the north-western region (NWR), the south-western region (SWRI. The wind regimes are identified by means of a two-stage classification scheme based on a hierarchical cluster analysis followed by a partitional clustering. The final classification identifies eight regimes: the four wind regimes corresponding to the main weather patterns of Western Europe, as proposed by Plaut and Simonnet, and another four clusters corresponding to breeze regimes. Copyright (c) 2007 Royal Meteorological Society.
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Shallow Radar investigations of Planum Boreum, Mars’ “basal unit” (BU) deposit have revealed multiple reentrants, morphologic irregularities, and thickness trends that differ from those of the overlying north polar layered depo...
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Shallow Radar investigations of Planum Boreum, Mars’ “basal unit” (BU) deposit have revealed multiple reentrants, morphologic irregularities, and thickness trends that differ from those of the overlying north polar layered deposits. We present detailed subsurface maps for these features and offer explanation for genesis of the deposit’s morphologic asymmetry, expressed in different erosional characteristics between 0°E–180°E and 180°E–360°E. Additionally, this work revealed a depression in the basal unit that may have provided a site for spiral trough initiation. Interpretations of the findings suggest that antecedent BU topography has a marked impact on modern morphology and that aeolian forces have been the dominant driver of polar deposit accumulation since at least the end of rupes unit emplacement. We find no results requiring explanation beyond common Martian surface processes, including aeolian erosion and impact armoring. To add to the detailed morphologic study of the BU, we mapped the variability of the BU radar reflection character. Combining generalized katabatic wind flow with the radar mapping results suggests that rupes unit material sourced the younger cavi. We present clear evidence that, while compositionally distinct from the overlying layered deposits, the BU and its morphology are intimately linked to the morphology of the north polar layered deposits. Combining geologic evidence with paleoclimate modeling, the deposits contain evidence for a long history of aeolian emplacement and modification.
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Floods early this year in Queensland, Australia, received a great deal of attention in the media because they affected a land area the size of Germany and France combined. However, on a world scale this is not exceptional as in so...
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Floods early this year in Queensland, Australia, received a great deal of attention in the media because they affected a land area the size of Germany and France combined. However, on a world scale this is not exceptional as in some years the land area exposed to flooding is > 17 million km2, equal to twice the size of the USA. These dramatic floods occur in all continents of our planet and result in annual damage costs of > $80 billion (http://floodobservatory.colorado.edu/).
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Floods early this year in Queensland, Australia, received a great deal of attention in the media because they affected a land area the size of Germany and France combined. However, on a world scale this is not exceptional as in so...
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Floods early this year in Queensland, Australia, received a great deal of attention in the media because they affected a land area the size of Germany and France combined. However, on a world scale this is not exceptional as in some years the land area exposed to flooding is > 17 million km2, equal to twice the size of the USA. These dramatic floods occur in all continents of our planet and result in annual damage costs of > $80 billion (http://floodobservatory.colorado.edu/).
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